Charles Oakley vs. Russell Westbrook Season by Season Comparison

Side by side comparison of each NBA season of Russell Westbrook and Charles Oakley, from their rookie seasons to their last year played, in chronological order with awards, stats, championships and playoff performance of their teams every year.

Player comparisons:
Career comparison / Season by season

Who had the better rookie season? Who had best stats in their 10th season? Who won a championship first? These questions and many others, are answered here.

Charles Oakley played 19 years in the NBA, 3 more than Russell Westbrook, who played 16. Charles Oakley had the first of his seasons in 1985-86, while Russell Westbrook had his rookie season in 2008-09. With that starting point, here you can take a look at each of their seasons side by side and compare how their careers evolved in achivements, awards and championships won, the stats they recorded both in the Regular Season and the Playoffs and how their teams performed in the postseason.

Their Careers

Player
Total Seasons Playoffs Played NBA Years
Charles Oakley 19 15 1985-86 to 2003-04
Russell Westbrook 16 13 2008-09 to 2023-24

Comparison Season by Season

Jump to season:
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19

Rookie Season

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1985-862008-09
Team Chicago BullsOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards Achievement All-Rookie First TeamAchievement All-Rookie First Team
Playoffs Bulls Lost East Conf 1st RdDid Not Play
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 77 23.0 9.6 3.3 5.3 8.6 1.7 0.9 0.4 2.3 3.2 3.6 7.0 .519 0.0 0.0 .000 2.3 3.5 .662
Russell Westbrook 82 32.5 15.3 2.2 2.7 4.9 5.3 1.3 0.2 3.3 2.3 5.3 13.4 .398 0.4 1.6 .271 4.3 5.2 .815
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 3 29.3 10.0 3.3 6.7 10.0 1.0 2.0 0.7 1.7 4.3 3.7 7.0 .524 0.0 0.0 - 2.7 4.3 .615
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------

Season 2

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1986-872009-10
Team Chicago BullsOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Bulls Lost East Conf 1st RdThunder Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 82 36.3 14.5 3.6 9.5 13.1 3.6 1.0 0.4 3.6 3.8 5.7 12.8 .445 0.1 0.4 .367 3.0 4.4 .686
Russell Westbrook 82 34.3 16.1 1.7 3.1 4.9 8.0 1.3 0.4 3.3 2.5 5.9 14.1 .418 0.3 1.3 .221 4.0 5.1 .780
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 3 43.0 20.0 5.7 9.7 15.3 2.0 1.3 0.3 2.7 4.3 6.3 16.7 .380 0.7 1.3 .500 6.7 8.0 .833
Russell Westbrook 6 35.3 20.5 1.7 4.3 6.0 6.0 1.7 0.2 2.3 2.2 7.2 15.2 .473 0.8 2.0 .417 5.3 6.3 .842

Season 3

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1987-882010-11
Team Chicago BullsOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Bulls Lost East Conf SemisThunder Lost West Conf Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 82 34.3 12.4 4.0 9.0 13.0 3.0 0.8 0.3 2.9 3.3 4.6 9.5 .483 0.0 0.1 .250 3.2 4.4 .727
Russell Westbrook 82 34.7 21.9 1.5 3.1 4.6 8.2 1.9 0.4 3.9 2.5 7.5 17.0 .442 0.4 1.3 .330 6.5 7.7 .842
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 10 37.3 10.1 3.9 8.9 12.8 3.2 0.6 0.4 1.8 3.3 4.0 9.1 .440 0.0 0.2 .000 2.1 2.4 .875
Russell Westbrook 17 37.5 23.8 2.1 3.2 5.4 6.4 1.4 0.4 4.6 3.3 7.9 20.2 .394 0.8 2.8 .292 7.1 8.4 .852

Season 4

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1988-892011-12
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisThunder Lost NBA Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 82 31.8 12.9 4.2 6.3 10.5 2.3 1.3 0.2 3.0 3.3 5.2 10.2 .510 0.1 0.6 .250 2.4 3.1 .773
Russell Westbrook 66 35.3 23.6 1.5 3.1 4.6 5.5 1.7 0.3 3.6 2.2 8.8 19.2 .457 0.9 3.0 .316 5.2 6.3 .823
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 9 33.2 9.7 4.8 6.4 11.2 1.2 1.3 0.1 2.4 3.4 3.9 8.1 .479 0.1 0.2 .500 1.8 2.7 .667
Russell Westbrook 20 38.4 23.1 1.1 4.4 5.5 5.9 1.6 0.4 2.3 2.5 8.9 20.4 .435 0.9 3.3 .277 4.5 5.6 .802

Season 5

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1989-902012-13
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisThunder Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 61 36.0 14.6 4.2 7.7 11.9 2.4 1.0 0.3 2.7 3.6 5.5 10.5 .524 0.0 0.0 .000 3.6 4.7 .761
Russell Westbrook 82 34.9 23.2 1.4 3.9 5.2 7.4 1.8 0.3 3.3 2.3 8.2 18.7 .438 1.2 3.7 .323 5.6 7.0 .800
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 10 33.6 12.1 3.9 7.1 11.0 2.7 1.1 0.2 2.2 3.3 4.3 8.4 .512 0.1 0.1 1.000 3.4 5.2 .654
Russell Westbrook 2 34.0 24.0 0.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 3.0 0.0 4.0 2.5 8.5 20.5 .415 1.0 4.5 .222 6.0 7.0 .857

Season 6

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1990-912013-14
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf 1st RdThunder Lost West Conf Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 76 36.0 11.2 4.0 8.1 12.1 2.7 0.8 0.2 2.8 3.8 4.0 7.8 .516 0.0 0.0 .000 3.1 4.0 .784
Russell Westbrook 46 30.7 21.8 1.2 4.5 5.7 6.9 1.9 0.2 3.8 2.3 7.5 17.2 .437 1.5 4.7 .318 5.3 6.4 .826
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 3 33.3 7.7 5.0 5.3 10.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 2.3 4.3 3.3 7.0 .476 0.0 0.0 - 1.0 2.0 .500
Russell Westbrook 19 38.7 26.7 2.4 4.9 7.3 8.1 2.2 0.3 4.4 3.3 8.8 20.9 .420 1.5 5.3 .280 7.6 8.6 .884

Season 7

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1991-922014-15
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement Scoring Leader
-Achievement All-Star Game
-Achievement All-Star Game NVP
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisDid Not Play
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 82 28.2 6.2 3.1 5.4 8.5 1.6 0.8 0.2 1.5 3.1 2.6 4.9 .522 0.0 0.0 .000 1.0 1.4 .735
Russell Westbrook 67 34.4 28.1 1.9 5.4 7.3 8.6 2.1 0.2 4.4 2.7 9.4 22.0 .426 1.3 4.3 .299 8.1 9.8 .835
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 12 29.5 5.3 3.7 5.3 9.0 0.7 0.7 0.4 1.3 3.0 1.8 4.8 .379 0.0 0.0 - 1.7 2.3 .741
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------

Season 8

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1992-932015-16
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA First Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
-Achievement All-Star Game NVP
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf FinalsThunder Lost West Conf Finals
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 82 27.2 6.9 3.5 5.1 8.6 1.5 1.0 0.2 1.5 3.5 2.7 5.3 .508 0.0 0.0 .000 1.5 2.1 .722
Russell Westbrook 80 34.4 23.5 1.8 6.0 7.8 10.4 2.0 0.3 4.3 2.5 8.2 18.1 .454 1.3 4.3 .296 5.8 7.2 .812
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 15 33.8 11.1 4.7 6.3 11.0 1.1 1.1 0.1 2.4 3.4 4.2 8.7 .481 0.0 0.0 - 2.7 3.7 .727
Russell Westbrook 18 37.4 26.0 2.3 4.6 6.9 11.0 2.6 0.1 4.3 2.4 8.8 21.8 .405 1.9 5.8 .324 6.4 7.8 .829

Season 9

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1993-942016-17
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement Season MVP
-Achievement All-NBA First Team
Achievement All-Defensive First Team-
-Achievement Scoring Leader
Achievement All-Star GameAchievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Knicks Lost NBA FinalsThunder Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 82 35.8 11.8 4.3 7.5 11.8 2.7 1.3 0.2 2.4 3.6 4.4 9.3 .478 0.0 0.0 .000 3.0 3.8 .776
Russell Westbrook 81 34.6 31.6 1.7 9.0 10.7 10.4 1.6 0.4 5.4 2.3 10.2 24.0 .425 2.5 7.2 .343 8.8 10.4 .845
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 25 39.7 13.2 4.6 7.0 11.7 2.4 1.4 0.2 2.6 3.5 5.0 10.5 .477 0.0 0.0 - 3.2 4.1 .775
Russell Westbrook 5 38.8 37.4 1.8 9.8 11.6 10.8 2.4 0.4 6.0 3.2 11.8 30.4 .388 2.6 9.8 .265 11.2 14.0 .800

Season 10

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1994-952017-18
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Second Team
-Achievement Assists Leader
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisThunder Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 50 31.3 10.1 3.1 5.8 8.9 2.5 1.2 0.1 2.1 3.6 3.8 7.9 .489 0.1 0.2 .250 2.4 3.0 .793
Russell Westbrook 80 36.4 25.4 1.9 8.2 10.1 10.3 1.8 0.3 4.8 2.5 9.5 21.1 .449 1.2 4.1 .298 5.2 7.1 .737
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 11 38.3 13.1 2.8 5.6 8.5 3.7 1.7 0.5 2.2 3.8 4.5 9.9 .450 0.4 0.9 .400 3.8 4.6 .824
Russell Westbrook 6 39.2 29.3 1.8 10.2 12.0 7.5 1.5 0.0 5.2 3.5 10.7 26.8 .398 2.5 7.0 .357 5.5 6.7 .825

Season 11

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1995-962018-19
Team New York KnicksOklahoma City Thunder
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Third Team
-Achievement Assists Leader
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisThunder Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 53 33.5 11.4 3.1 5.6 8.7 2.6 1.1 0.3 2.0 3.7 4.0 8.5 .471 0.1 0.5 .269 3.3 4.0 .833
Russell Westbrook 73 36.0 22.9 1.5 9.6 11.1 10.7 1.9 0.5 4.5 3.4 8.6 20.2 .428 1.6 5.6 .290 4.1 6.2 .656
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 8 38.5 13.1 3.5 5.1 8.6 1.8 1.0 0.0 3.5 4.1 4.9 9.8 .500 0.3 0.8 .333 3.1 4.5 .694
Russell Westbrook 5 39.4 22.8 1.4 7.6 9.0 10.6 1.0 0.6 4.6 3.8 8.0 22.2 .360 2.2 6.8 .324 4.6 5.2 .885

Season 12

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1996-972019-20
Team New York KnicksHouston Rockets
Honors & Awards -Achievement All-NBA Third Team
-Achievement All-Star Game
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisRockets Lost West Conf Semis
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 80 35.9 10.8 3.1 6.7 9.8 2.8 1.4 0.3 2.1 3.8 4.2 8.7 .488 0.1 0.2 .263 2.3 2.8 .808
Russell Westbrook 57 35.9 27.2 1.8 6.2 7.9 7.0 1.6 0.4 4.5 3.5 10.6 22.5 .472 1.0 3.7 .258 5.1 6.7 .763
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 10 35.8 9.8 2.3 6.5 8.8 1.6 2.2 0.3 1.8 3.7 3.8 8.6 .442 0.0 0.1 .000 2.2 2.9 .759
Russell Westbrook 8 32.8 17.9 1.4 5.6 7.0 4.6 1.5 0.3 3.8 2.9 7.4 17.5 .421 1.0 4.1 .242 2.1 4.0 .531

Season 13

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1997-982020-21
Team New York KnicksWashington Wizards
Honors & Awards Achievement All-Defensive Second Team-
-Achievement Assists Leader
Playoffs Knicks Lost East Conf SemisWizards Lost East Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 79 34.6 9.0 2.8 6.4 9.2 2.5 1.6 0.3 1.6 3.5 3.9 8.8 .440 0.0 0.1 .000 1.2 1.4 .851
Russell Westbrook 65 36.4 22.2 1.7 9.9 11.5 11.7 1.4 0.4 4.8 2.9 8.4 19.0 .439 1.3 4.2 .315 4.2 6.4 .656
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 10 34.0 8.1 2.1 6.4 8.5 1.4 1.1 0.2 1.3 3.8 2.9 7.1 .408 0.0 0.0 - 2.3 2.5 .920
Russell Westbrook 5 37.2 19.0 2.8 7.6 10.4 11.8 0.4 0.2 4.2 3.4 5.6 16.8 .333 1.0 4.0 .250 6.8 8.6 .791

Season 14

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1998-992021-22
Team Toronto RaptorsLos Angeles Lakers
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not PlayDid Not Play
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 50 32.7 7.0 1.9 5.6 7.5 3.4 0.9 0.4 1.9 3.6 2.8 6.5 .428 0.0 0.1 .200 1.3 1.7 .807
Russell Westbrook 78 34.3 18.5 1.4 6.0 7.4 7.1 1.0 0.3 3.8 3.0 7.0 15.8 .444 1.0 3.4 .298 3.4 5.1 .667
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley ------- --- ----------
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------

Season 15

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 1999-002022-23
Team Toronto RaptorsLos Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Raptors Lost East Conf 1st RdClippers Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 80 30.4 6.9 1.5 5.3 6.8 3.2 1.3 0.6 1.9 3.7 2.9 7.0 .418 0.2 0.5 .341 0.8 1.1 .776
Russell Westbrook 73 29.1 15.9 1.2 4.6 5.8 7.5 1.0 0.5 3.5 2.2 5.9 13.6 .436 1.2 3.9 .311 2.8 4.3 .656
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 3 37.0 10.0 0.7 7.0 7.7 3.7 2.0 0.3 1.7 4.7 4.7 9.7 .483 0.7 2.3 .286 0.0 0.3 .000
Russell Westbrook 5 38.4 23.6 1.8 5.8 7.6 7.4 1.2 1.4 4.0 3.0 8.6 21.0 .410 2.0 5.6 .357 4.4 5.0 .880

Season 16

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 2000-012023-24
Team Toronto RaptorsLos Angeles Clippers
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Raptors Lost East Conf SemisClippers Lost West Conf 1st Rd
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 78 35.5 9.6 1.8 7.7 9.5 3.4 1.0 0.6 1.8 3.3 3.9 10.1 .388 0.1 0.6 .224 1.6 1.9 .836
Russell Westbrook 68 22.5 11.1 1.4 3.7 5.0 4.5 1.1 0.3 2.1 1.8 4.4 9.8 .454 0.6 2.3 .273 1.6 2.4 .688
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 12 32.6 9.3 1.7 4.7 6.3 1.8 1.0 0.6 1.8 2.4 3.9 9.0 .435 0.3 0.7 .375 1.2 1.4 .824
Russell Westbrook 6 19.0 6.3 1.0 3.2 4.2 1.7 1.2 0.5 1.7 1.8 2.2 8.3 .260 0.7 2.8 .235 1.3 2.2 .615

Season 17

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 2001-02-
Team Chicago Bulls-
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not Play-
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 57 24.3 3.8 1.3 4.8 6.0 2.0 0.9 0.2 1.5 3.1 1.7 4.6 .369 0.0 0.1 .167 0.4 0.5 .750
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley ------- --- ----------
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------

Season 18

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 2002-03-
Team Washington Wizards-
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not Play-
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 42 12.2 1.8 0.9 1.7 2.5 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.5 2.1 0.5 1.3 .418 0.0 0.0 - 0.7 0.8 .824
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley ------- --- ----------
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------

Season 19

Charles Oakley Russell Westbrook
Season 2003-04-
Team Houston Rockets-
Honors & Awards
Playoffs Did Not Play-
more >>
Regular Season Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley 7 3.6 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.9 .333 0.0 0.0 - 0.7 0.9 .833
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------
Playoffs Stats
G Min Pts ORb DRb Reb Ast Stl Blk TO PF FGM / A % 3PM / A % FTM / A %
Charles Oakley ------- --- ----------
Russell Westbrook ------- --- ----------